Deborah A. Widiss is Professor of Law, Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Affairs, and Ira C. Batman Faculty Fellow at the Indiana University Maurer School of Law. She thanks Brian Broughman, Charlie Geyh, Abbe Gluck, and Judge David Hamilton for comments on early drafts of this article, and Rachel Pawlak for research assistance. This article summarizes research Widiss has conducted over the past decade, and she thanks the many colleagues, anonymous reviewers, editors, and students who assisted with research and provided suggestions to improve those earlier projects.