Jona Goldschmidt is a professor in the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at Loyola University Chicago and a former assistant executive director of the American Judicature Society. He holds a J.D. from DePaul College of Law and a Ph.D. from Arizona State University. He thanks his students who assisted in data collection (Maggie Ekman, Breana Drozd, and Maria Sanchez) and Judicature staff and anonymous reviewers who provided helpful comments on the manuscript.